2.36 anaerobic respiration

2.35 aerobic respiration

2.34 anaerobic and aerobic respiration

2.33 respiration

the energy is contained in "food molecules"
The energy is released by "enzyme systems" in the "cytoplasm"
used for growth, sensitivity, cell division
All living things respire
Respiration takes place inside the cell
This is true in both animal and plant cells

Key words

hypo-tonic solution: the fluid around the cell is dilute
hyper-tonic: the fluid around the cell is concentrated
isotonic: the surrounding fluid is equal in concentration to the contents of the cell
wilted:he plant has lost too much water and the cells are not turgid therefore it bends over due to lack of support

2.15 factors affecting rate of movement:

concentration gradient:
lower concentration of inside and higher concentration on outside= more oppertunity for diffusion
higher concentration gradient - e.g 10:1 is better than say 2:5


surface area to volume:
-smaller the cell
-bigger the SA:V ratio
-faster rate of movement

bigger the cell
-smaller SA:V ration
slower rate movement


temperature:
 higher temp=higher kinetic energy
substances are more likely to collide with the cell than if there was a
lower temp=lower kinetic energy
less chance to collide with the cell

2.14 Turgid

when the volume of the cell increases due to water intake, the outwards pressure on the cell wall provides a structure so that the cell can remain upright

2.13 movement of substances

substances can be moved into/out of cells by:
diffusion
osmosis
active transport

2.12

Diffusion:
The movement of substances from an region of high concentration to an region of low concentration


Osmosis: 
movement of water from a dilute solution to an area of low concentrated solution.
transporting salts encourages water intake


Active transport
energy driven movement of substances that move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. cells who do active transport will respire a lot and build up high concentrations of certain molecules

2.5 chemical elements

Lipids (fats and oil)
-Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Structure: 
fats-animals
oils-plants

Carbohydrates
- Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Structure:
Simple molecules-->sugars
Larger Molecules -->Polysaccharides/starch

Proteins
- Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
Structure
Simple: Amino acids
Larger: Proteins

2.4 plant and animal cells

Plant Cells
a cell inside a plant
contains chloroplast
supported by a cell wall
stores carbohydrates as starch
has a vacuole
rectangular, firm, regular shape

Animal Cells

a cell inside an animal
no chloroplast
no cell wall
stores carbohydrate as glycogen
no vacuole
oval shape
irregular because Cell membrane is jelly like- not firm

2.3 Functions

Nucleus: Brain of the cell, acts as the control centre. contains DNA
Cytoplasm: Jelly like substance in which the organelles are located
Cell membrane: controls what enters or leaves the cellCell wall: skeleton of the cellChloroplast: contains chlorophyll. located in the palisade layerVacuole: stores sap, maintains acidic PH

2.2 Structure

A plant cell is made up of...


Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Vacuole

2.1 Organisation

Organelles: Parts inside a cell -mitochondria; chloroplast; nucleus. Work together to form a Cell


Cells: all the organelles and cytoplasm surrounded by the cell membrane. Cells of the same kind work together to form Tissues.


Tissues: Same cells who carry out 1 or 2 functions.Different kinds of tissue work together to form organs


Organs:Different kinds of tissue work together for overall function


Systems: a number of organs and tissues working together in major functions